🐐 Post War of 1812
November 11, 2022
Post War of 1812 Evolution
- The U.S. is changing
Territorial Change
- 1817 - Rush-Bagot
- 1818 - Anejo-American
- 1819 - Adams-Onis Treaty
- The U.S. gets Florida
- Boundary with Mexico (Spain)
- Settlers pour into TN, KY, OH
Economic Change
- Tiny start to industrializing the North.
- “American System”
Moving goods get easier
- Canals - 1825 - Eerie canal gets finished
- Roads - national toll road
- Fulton steam engine
- Ships/rails ↑
Political Change
Sectionalism ↑
- ⭐️ 1820 - Missouri Compromise
- Missouri becomes a slave state
- No other slave states north of the 36th parallel
- Slavery becomes limited
Themes of Jacksonianism
- Paradox - autocratic democrat; atrocious saint
- Heirs of the Jeffersonians, but more aggressive
- “Like Jeffersonians, but on steroids, meth, and maybe fentanyl”
- Participatory democracy → populist
- Anti state rights; states can’t nullify
- Strong unionist
- No national bank (anti Hamilton)
Jacksonian Democracy
Jackson as President
- Background was forceful, but intolerant and inflexible against opposition
1832 - Nullification Crisis
- ⭐ Jackson creates tariffs on specific imports from external nations to increase American industry
- This results in Europe creating tariffs on cotton and tobacco, which hurt slavery
- Sectionalism ↑, South Carolina threatens succession in opposition to federal tariffs
- The tariffs hurt cotton/tobacco/slavery
- Andrew Jackson threatens to hang Calhoun
- However, his nullification proclamation calms South Carolina (avoiding civil war)
Quotes
- Quotes from this primary source.
- “I have urged you [South Carolinians] to look back to the means that were used to hurry you on to the position you have now assumed and forward to the consequences it will produce.” (Page 6)
- “Disunion by armed force is treason. Are you really ready to incur its guilt? If you are, on the heads of the instigators of the act be the dreadful consequences; on their heads be the dishonor, but on yours may fall the punishment. . . .” (Page 6)
- “Are you united at home? Are you free from the apprehension of civil discord, with all its fearful consequences? Do our neighboring republics, every day suffering some new revolution or contending with some new insurrection, do they excite your envy?” (Page 6)
- “…warn them of the consequences that must inevitably result from an observance of the dictates of the convention.” (Page 1, paragraph 1)
Indian Removal
- Process of 1820s & 1830s
- 1820s - Gold rush
- 1830 - Andrew Jackson signs the Indian Removal Act
- 1832 - Worcester v. Georgia
- Andrew Jackson refuses the decision (”Let’s see them enforce it”)
- 1833 - All south eastern natives are gone (except Cherokee)
- 1834 - Roundup, concentration camps, trail of tears begins (5 - 10 thousand die)
Jackson & The National Bank
Jackson’s Hatred
- Like Jeffersonians, Jacksonians hate the national bank.
- Saw the national bank as a private business controlling public policy and money.
- The bank was ran by unelected elites and the policies were anti-common man.
- Nicholas Biddle ran the national bank; Jackson hated Biddle.
- Jackson killed the National Bank in 1832.
- Jackson vetoes the bank’s charter.
- Jackson wanted state banks to control monetary ($) policies.
Impacts of the Bank Battle
- Jackson loses favor with congress
- Whig party formed (future republicans)
- Former federalists, national republicans (Henry Clay), southerners mad about nullification
- Formed to oppose the executive tyranny of “King Andrew”
- Jackson created his own enemies
- Financial crisis, led to a recession which hurt the "common man” (against what he was trying to do)
Manifest Destiny
- Physical representation → Mexican American War
- Phrase → Americans wanted to recreate their virtues, their values, and their institutions in the west.
- 1845 → coined by journalists John L. Sullivan
- Phrase used to legitimize western expansion
- Ex: Mexican American War, Annexation of Texas
- No universal definition
- Not universally accepted
- Became global after 1890s
Mexican American War
- U.S. territory increases by 20% (Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo)
- The training ground for future civil war leaders
Wilmot Proviso
- No slavery in the land gained from Mexico
- Huge increase in sectionalism
- Reverses the Missouri compromise
“Secessionitis”
- Sectionalism ↑
Political
Compromise of 1850
- Fugitive slave act of 1850 → enacted a stringent fugitive slave law.
- Fix Wilmot Proviso
- California → free state
- Other territory → could vote on slavery (popular sovereignty)
- Appeased both sides, temporarily.
- Abolished slave auctions in Washington, D.C.
Kansas Nebraska Act (1854)
- Led by senator Stephen Douglas
- Rival of Abraham Lincoln
- Allow popular sovereignty on slavery
- Kills the Compromise of 1850 & Missouri Compromise
- Creates bleeding Kansas
- Domestic terrorist civil war
- Pro slavery raiders from Missouri vs anti-slavery led by John Brown
Elections
- Elections of 1856 & 1860 were highly sectional
- Republican party is in elections
Dred Scott v. Sanford
- SCOTUS is pro-slavery
- Bloody Sumner
Social
Nat Turner’s Revolt (1831)
- Slave rebellion in Virginia
- Killed ~60 whites
Murder of Elijah Lovejoy - Illinois (1837)
- Elijah Lovejoy was an abolitionist, and against slavery.
- A white male murdered for being anti-slavery.
Uncle Tom’s Cabin (1852)
- Increased emotional support of anti-slavery
John Brown’s Raid (1859)
- Hopefully initiate a slave revolt by taking over the arsenal at Harpers Ferry.
- Raid on Harpers Ferry (West Virginia) was the war’s catalyst.
Secession Commissioners
Alabama → Louisiana
- To the importance and the absolute necessity of the action of the Southern States in resistance of that settled purpose of aggression on our constitutional and inherent natural rights by the majority of the people of the non-slave-holding States of the Federal Union, which purpose and intention has culminated in the election of a man to the Presidency of the United States whose opinions and constructions of constitutional duty are wholly incompatible with our safety in a longer union with them.
- And may present some cause of delay in the consummation and execution of the purpose of a separation from the Northwestern States and the adoption of a new political status.
- In consideration of these facts, more time may be required for reflection than might otherwise appear necessary, and as the convention does not assemble for some weeks,
- I was rejoiced to find the Governor fully up to the conclusion that the time had come when the enjoyment of peace and our rights as coequals in this confederacy were no longer to be expected or hoped for, and that the solemn duty now devolved upon us of separating from all political connection with the States
- Separating from all political connection with the States so disregarding their constitutional obligations.
Early Civil War
What the War Was
- Settles Hamilton v. Jefferson debates
- Hinge of our history → “modern” America is born
Early Phases
- Winfield Scott’s “Anaconda Plan”
- Naval blockage of the south
- South was reliant on importing European goods
- South → Survive
- The south wanted to survive until European recognition/support
First Conflicts
- April 1861 → Fort Sumter
- April 1861 → Baltimore Riots
- Lincoln suspends Habeas Corpus (”seize the body”) between D.C and Philadelphia
- prevents people from being arrested for no reason
- June/July 1861 → First Manassas
- CSA (South) wins; ends thoughts of a short war
- Confederacy used trains to move troops
The USA Loses “The West” - 1862
- The western civil war theater is ignored/forgotten
- Only 1 major USA victory → Chickamauga (1863)
- USA lost all momentum in the western theater in 1862
- February 1862 → Fort Henry & Fort Donelson (Big L’s)
- April 1862 → Shiloh
Post War of 1812 Evolution
- The U.S. is changing
Territorial Change
- 1817 - Rush-Bagot
- 1818 - Anejo-American
- 1819 - Adams-Onis Treaty
- The U.S. gets Florida
- Boundary with Mexico (Spain)
- Settlers pour into TN, KY, OH
Economic Change
- Tiny start to industrializing the North.
- “American System”
Moving goods get easier
- Canals - 1825 - Eerie canal gets finished
- Roads - national toll road
- Fulton steam engine
- Ships/rails ↑
Political Change
Sectionalism ↑
- ⭐️ 1820 - Missouri Compromise
- Missouri becomes a slave state
- No other slave states north of the 36th parallel
- Slavery becomes limited
Themes of Jacksonianism
- Paradox - autocratic democrat; atrocious saint
- Heirs of the Jeffersonians, but more aggressive
- “Like Jeffersonians, but on steroids, meth, and maybe fentanyl”
- Participatory democracy → populist
- Anti state rights; states can’t nullify
- Strong unionist
- No national bank (anti Hamilton)
Jacksonian Democracy
Jackson as President
- Background was forceful, but intolerant and inflexible against opposition
1832 - Nullification Crisis
- ⭐ Jackson creates tariffs on specific imports from external nations to increase American industry
- This results in Europe creating tariffs on cotton and tobacco, which hurt slavery
- Sectionalism ↑, South Carolina threatens succession in opposition to federal tariffs
- The tariffs hurt cotton/tobacco/slavery
- Andrew Jackson threatens to hang Calhoun
- However, his nullification proclamation calms South Carolina (avoiding civil war)
Quotes
- Quotes from this primary source.
- “I have urged you [South Carolinians] to look back to the means that were used to hurry you on to the position you have now assumed and forward to the consequences it will produce.” (Page 6)
- “Disunion by armed force is treason. Are you really ready to incur its guilt? If you are, on the heads of the instigators of the act be the dreadful consequences; on their heads be the dishonor, but on yours may fall the punishment. . . .” (Page 6)
- “Are you united at home? Are you free from the apprehension of civil discord, with all its fearful consequences? Do our neighboring republics, every day suffering some new revolution or contending with some new insurrection, do they excite your envy?” (Page 6)
- “…warn them of the consequences that must inevitably result from an observance of the dictates of the convention.” (Page 1, paragraph 1)
Indian Removal
- Process of 1820s & 1830s
- 1820s - Gold rush
- 1830 - Andrew Jackson signs the Indian Removal Act
- 1832 - Worcester v. Georgia
- Andrew Jackson refuses the decision (”Let’s see them enforce it”)
- 1833 - All south eastern natives are gone (except Cherokee)
- 1834 - Roundup, concentration camps, trail of tears begins (5 - 10 thousand die)
Jackson & The National Bank
Jackson’s Hatred
- Like Jeffersonians, Jacksonians hate the national bank.
- Saw the national bank as a private business controlling public policy and money.
- The bank was ran by unelected elites and the policies were anti-common man.
- Nicholas Biddle ran the national bank; Jackson hated Biddle.
- Jackson killed the National Bank in 1832.
- Jackson vetoes the bank’s charter.
- Jackson wanted state banks to control monetary ($) policies.
Impacts of the Bank Battle
- Jackson loses favor with congress
- Whig party formed (future republicans)
- Former federalists, national republicans (Henry Clay), southerners mad about nullification
- Formed to oppose the executive tyranny of “King Andrew”
- Jackson created his own enemies
- Financial crisis, led to a recession which hurt the "common man” (against what he was trying to do)
Manifest Destiny
- Physical representation → Mexican American War
- Phrase → Americans wanted to recreate their virtues, their values, and their institutions in the west.
- 1845 → coined by journalists John L. Sullivan
- Phrase used to legitimize western expansion
- Ex: Mexican American War, Annexation of Texas
- No universal definition
- Not universally accepted
- Became global after 1890s
Mexican American War
- U.S. territory increases by 20% (Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo)
- The training ground for future civil war leaders
Wilmot Proviso
- No slavery in the land gained from Mexico
- Huge increase in sectionalism
- Reverses the Missouri compromise
“Secessionitis”
- Sectionalism ↑
Political
Compromise of 1850
- Fugitive slave act of 1850 → enacted a stringent fugitive slave law.
- Fix Wilmot Proviso
- California → free state
- Other territory → could vote on slavery (popular sovereignty)
- Appeased both sides, temporarily.
- Abolished slave auctions in Washington, D.C.
Kansas Nebraska Act (1854)
- Led by senator Stephen Douglas
- Rival of Abraham Lincoln
- Allow popular sovereignty on slavery
- Kills the Compromise of 1850 & Missouri Compromise
- Creates bleeding Kansas
- Domestic terrorist civil war
- Pro slavery raiders from Missouri vs anti-slavery led by John Brown
Elections
- Elections of 1856 & 1860 were highly sectional
- Republican party is in elections
Dred Scott v. Sanford
- SCOTUS is pro-slavery
- Bloody Sumner
Social
Nat Turner’s Revolt (1831)
- Slave rebellion in Virginia
- Killed ~60 whites
Murder of Elijah Lovejoy - Illinois (1837)
- Elijah Lovejoy was an abolitionist, and against slavery.
- A white male murdered for being anti-slavery.
Uncle Tom’s Cabin (1852)
- Increased emotional support of anti-slavery
John Brown’s Raid (1859)
- Hopefully initiate a slave revolt by taking over the arsenal at Harpers Ferry.
- Raid on Harpers Ferry (West Virginia) was the war’s catalyst.
Secession Commissioners
Alabama → Louisiana
- To the importance and the absolute necessity of the action of the Southern States in resistance of that settled purpose of aggression on our constitutional and inherent natural rights by the majority of the people of the non-slave-holding States of the Federal Union, which purpose and intention has culminated in the election of a man to the Presidency of the United States whose opinions and constructions of constitutional duty are wholly incompatible with our safety in a longer union with them.
- And may present some cause of delay in the consummation and execution of the purpose of a separation from the Northwestern States and the adoption of a new political status.
- In consideration of these facts, more time may be required for reflection than might otherwise appear necessary, and as the convention does not assemble for some weeks,
- I was rejoiced to find the Governor fully up to the conclusion that the time had come when the enjoyment of peace and our rights as coequals in this confederacy were no longer to be expected or hoped for, and that the solemn duty now devolved upon us of separating from all political connection with the States
- Separating from all political connection with the States so disregarding their constitutional obligations.